Velandy Manohar, MD

Fostering Recovery By Increasing Understanding of Mental Illness


  • Home
  • Response to Recent Events in the United States
  • Sources of Solace, Strength, Insight and Inspiration
  • 25 Essential Morning Prayers
  • Dharma - Short Prayer
  • Dharma Prayers 2-7-21
  • Services Provided
  • Common Questions
  • Rates & Insurance
  • Helpful Forms
  • Links & Resources
  • Contact Me
  • Privacy & Policy
  • Hot Topics!
  • Veterans Health1
  • Veterans Health 2
  • Veterans Health 3
  • Veterans Health 4
  • Veterans Health 5
  • Links & Resources
  • Mahatma Gandhi
  • Mahatma Gandhi and the UNO
  • Global Warming Formulating and implementing a coordinated response to an imminent Existential threat
  • Readings for Meditation and inspirational prayers
  • Sanatana Dharma-P2P-Pedro Ruiz
  • Dharma - Shiva Ananda Lahari Commentary
  • Mahatma Gandhiji-Chronology of a blesssed life
  • Mahatma Gandhiji- His life and Message in his own words
  • Mahatma Gandhiji-Principles and Practice of Satyagraha
  • Mahatma Gandhiji- Views on Religious Conversion
  • Mahatma Gandhiji- Spiritual and Psychological Perspectives
  • Mahatma Gandhi 151st Birth Anniversary
  • Compendium of Videos and Posts Updated 10 28 19
  • P2P Psychiatric Delegation Report
  • Corona Virus Prevalence
  • Covid 19: Foundational Data to develop Policies
  • COVID-19 Testing, Key issues on Reliability of results for Clinical interventions and Policy development
  • Corona Virus Testing Challenges must be swiftly addressed
  • COVID-19 Countermeasures
  • COVID-19 Public Education Poster and Telehealth Interventions
  • Covid 19: Why 'Exponential Growth' Is So Scary
  • COVID-19 Policy Implemented In Belgium
  • COVID-19 Impact on Residents of Belgian Nursing Homes
  • COVID-19 Impact of Policies on Seniors in Belgium, Sweden
  • COVID-19 Potential for devastating effects when Social Isolation and Loneliness merges with the Debilitating effects of the Pandemic under the Malignant Ageism Regime in Belgium
  • Importance of COVID-19 Vaccination for Residents of Long-term Care Facilities
  • Covid 19: Vaccination Strategy & Immunization
  • Covid vaccines should go first to health care workers, long term care facility residents
  • COVID-19 DEATHS BY RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE U.S.
  • More Than 100,000 People Died Of COVID-19 In Nursing Homes, Findings Show : NPR
  • enhancing care of and protecting the lives of our seniors and disabled individuals living in Nursing homes
  • Both Doses of COVID-19 Vaccines Needed, FDA Says
  • Protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 could last eight months or more
  • NIHCM Newsletter: Chronic Disease, Mental Health & COVID-19
  • COVID-19 R Number & Spread in USA
  • Why 'Exponential Growth' Is So Scary For The COVID-19 Coronavirus
  • COVID-19 Vaccinations - Alternative Testing Options
  • establishing policies for requiring COVID -19 Vaccinations
  • SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms
  • Learning from Excess Pandemic Deaths
  • COVID -19 – Vaccination Policies pursued by Govt at all three Levels
  • You Asked, We’re Answering: Your Top Questions about Covid-19 and Vaccines
  • COVID19 Multiple Foundational Reports
  • CDC Alarmed: 74% of Cases in Cape Cod Cluster Were Among the Vaxxed
  • COVID-19: Managing Response to Policy on Vaccinations
  • COVID19-Information from Yale Medicine on Delta variant, common fallacies and how to address misinformation
  • Immune System
  • Inflammation-Top 5 Blood Tests
  • The Human Family
  • Martin Luther King Tribute
  • Right is Right, Even if Everyone Disagrees
  • "We Can't Breathe"
  • Levels of Racism: A Theoretic Framework and a Gardener’s Tale
  • Racism and Health - CDC Reports
  • Sullivan Report: Missing Persons: Minorities in the Health Professions
  • Satyam Eva Jayate- Truth alone prevails.
  • Hospice Training
  • What is a "Good Death"?
  • Fairfield County’s role in the Underground Railroad and early abolition movements.
  • HOLY MATRIMONY
  • America the Beautiful
  • Architecture of Inequality
  • Racism & Health - Disparities
  • Civil War: Letters & Materials
  • Culture Race & Disparities
  • Black Men 2.5 Times More likely than White Men to be Killed by Police
  • Disparities: Anti Racism
  • Disparities and Injustice: Crossing Generations.
  • Disparities: Multiple Articles
  • Disparities: Key reports from Professor David R. Williams
  • Resources on Racism
  • Martin Luther King, Jr. Riverside Church
  • Dr. King’s Beloved Community
  • Social Determinants of Health
  • Oak Creek Community Marks Two Years since Sikh Temple Shooting
  • Race and Race Based Discrimination
  • Race Based Prejudice
  • Criminal Justice Fact Sheet
  • Race, Culture & Urban Design
  • Race-Architecture of White Supremacy
  • The Nation: The Reconstruction-Era Violence Lurking in the Southern Air
  • Meaning behind the Juneteenth flag symbols - CNN
  • Malefic Murders of African Americans
  • How Slavery Haunts Today's America
  • V.A. Issues Employee Vaccine Mandate, a First for a Federal Agency
  • Juneteenth & Multiple Resources on Overcoming Challenges
  • Medical Ethics - The Doctrine of Double Effects
  • Police Accountability Bill
  • COVID-19 Managing Responses to Policies on Vaccinations
  • 'The unvaccinated are not a monolith': Reporters dig into why people delay getting the shot
  • How Teachers Can Manage Burnout During the Pandemic | Rutgers University
  • 5 Things To Know About the Delta Variant
  • Majority of unvaccinated Americans believe COVID-19 vaccines are riskier than infection
  • Debate Is Over: COVID Vax Doubled Protection for the Previously Infected
  • Strong-Arm Tactics Won't Get America Vaccinated
  • COVID-19 Update on Current Challenges and Responses
  • COVID-19 vaccines greatly reduce hospitalization risk
  • COVID19 Public Health Strategies to Address High Levels of Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Related Deaths
  • TRUTH EVER TRIUMPHS 09 11 20
  • Use of COVID-19 Vaccines After Reports of Adverse Events Among Adult Recipients
  • Largest real-world study of COVID-19 vaccine safety published
  • FDA Approves Pfizer Booster Shots For Americans Over 65 and Those at High Risk
  • COVID-19 ARC Forum 9-9-2021
  • Gandhi Four Hymns for fulfilled life:
  • Med Talk- Gandhhi Darshan-Connecticut College
  • ARC Health Promotion Response to Food and Nutrition Service
  • Treatment Recommendations for Restoring Wellbeing
  • Massachusetts General Hospital- Spiritual Care Spiritual resources for Hard Times
  • COVID-19 CDC Decision on Booster Dose
  • Covid-19 origins: Why the search for the source is vital - CNN
  • Health Promotion - Educational Materials
  • 5 Ways to Prevent Dementia, Says Dr. Sanjay Gupta
  • Health Promotion: Covid 19 & Alzheimers Share Genetic Risk Factor
  • Six Tips to enhance Immunity
  • Increased White Blood Cell Count May Be Tied To Increased Depression Polygenic Scores
  • Response to Elon Musk and World Food Program: Solve World Hunger
  • Covid 19 - Delta-Omicron- Beta variants
  • Human Immune System - WebMD
  • COVID-19 Vaccinations and sustaining robust levels on nAb
  • Health Promotion Diets affect Intestinal Cells structure and function
  • MH Resources
  • COVID- 19 Dr Kesslers interview with Maddow on Managing risks plusTony Fauci-Vivek Murthy-Rochelle Walensky
  • COVID19-Five Reports on Issues with CDC 12/27/21 recommendations
  • COVID19-Risk of COVID19 Death nearly 4X Higher in Schizophrenics
  • Dharma-Response to Calls for Genocide in the Name of Hindu Dharma
  • COVID19-Can You Leave Isolation After 5 Days?
  • Afghanistan Advocacy 12/21/21
  • Classical Music list and resources to restoration of well-being,
  • Managing Risks of Omicron Variant in Community - Issues with CDC Guidelines
  • COVID19-Isolation Should Not Be "One Size fits All" Amesh Aldeja
  • Health Promotion Recomendations - Belly Fat and associated issues
  • How Omicron Symptoms Differ From Delta, Past COVID-19 Variants: Charts
  • Testing Could Help End the Pandemic, if Only We Had Tests
  • Pooja Vidhanam
  • Letter to PM re: Narayana Guru
  • India must revive Santan Dharma Principles
  • Stop the Shooter - Stop the Bleed
  • Strategies to adopt Countermeasures to Stop the Shooters from achieving their gory goals
  • Impact of Gun Ownership Patterns and Availability of Firearms to Children 1-18 in the USA
Velandy Manohar, MD
93, Meeting house road
Haddam, CT 06438
[email protected]

Human Immune System - WebMD

Velandy Manohar, MD.,
Distinguished Life Fellow-Am Psychiatric Association.

11 30 21

The Human Immune System Explained (webmd.com)

Guide to your Immune System. There are very fine slides that go with each item.

1.

What Is It?

This network of tissues, cells, and organs first tries to keep out germs like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites and then deals with them if they manage to get in. If it senses something in your body that could be bad for you, it triggers the release of special cells. These travel to where the trouble is, attack the intruder, and help get rid of it.

2.

How Do Infections Spread?

Your body has to be able to stop invaders that come from a lot different places. Germs can come from contact -- touching skin, having sex, and breathing in drops from someone else's sneeze or cough, for example. They can travel through blood that comes from a shared needle or an insect bite. You can also get germs from contaminated food or water.

Dynamics of Disease Transmission.

 

Infection control strategies focus on these factors.

3.

First Line of Defense

Your skin is the most obvious one. It blocks invaders from getting into your body in the first place. Other blockers are the clear layer over the front of your eye (cornea) and specialized tissue that lines your lungs, bladder, and digestive system. A cut, sore, or burn can make an opening in any of these for a germ to get in and infect you.

4.

Washing Germs Away

Sweat on your skin, tears in your eyes, and mucus in your nasal passages, digestive system, and a woman's vagina can stop invaders from getting in, too. These liquids your body makes not only push away dirt and germs but also have enzymes that can kill bacteria. 

5.

Lymphatic System

A network of fine tubes throughout your body collects fluid called lymph from tissues. Part of its job is to pick up dead cells and germs. Waste is filtered out at small bean-shaped lymph nodes, and the liquid goes back into your bloodstream. An infection can make the nodes swell. You may have felt them in your neck when you had a sore throat or cough.

 

6.

Antigens

These are markers that your immune system can recognize. Some, called human leukocyte antigens (HLA), tag your cells so your body can ID itself. Others could be part of a foreign cell or germ, or they may be a substance like food or pollen.

7.

Innate vs. Acquired Immunity

When you're born, before your body comes across any unfamiliar antigens, it can defend itself from infection. This innate immunity comes from those barrier body parts as well as some specialized cells. Over time, your immune system "learns" other ways to protect you. Acquired immunity comes from antibodies you get from your mother in the womb or that you make in response to antigens that aren't yours -- like from a cold virus or a vaccine.

8.

Bone Marrow

The soft, fatty stuff that lives inside your bones is where your body makes blood cells, including the various white blood cells that fight off germs.

9.

Phagocytes

They're part of your innate immunity, and they work by eating invaders. Neutrophils, the most common type of white blood cell, are among the first responders called to a trouble spot. They digest bad cells and can trap bacteria and stop it from spreading. Macrophages grow from white blood cells called monocytes, but they work in tissues, not your blood. Eosinophils mainly attach to parasites that are too big to ingest in order to kill them.

10.

Natural Killer Cells

Another part of your innate immunity is this type of white blood cell. They recognize and latch onto abnormal cells like cancer, then damage and kill them. They're key players when you first get infected by a virus.

11.

Basophils and Mast Cells

They're also part of your innate immunity, involved with allergic reactions. Basophils are in your blood; mast cells are in tissues. When these cells find certain antigens (typically, harmless things that your body sees as a threat), they release histamine to bring immune cells to the area. Your body sends more blood there, causing inflammation -- redness, warmth, and swelling -- that also helps keeps the invasion from spreading.

12.

Lymphocytes

These infection-fighting white blood cells are the reason you get sick from things like chicken pox only once. Lymphocytes called T cells and B cells work together to build your acquired immunity.

13.

Antibodies

Once your B cells get a read on the antigen of a new invader, they make antibodies to either kill it or flag it as "Trouble here!" These Y-shaped molecules fit into antigens like puzzle pieces, making an immune complex. An antibody can also be called Immunoglobulin or Ig.

14.

T Cells

They travel through your blood and lymph systems, waiting to be activated. Usually, another immune cell, like a dendritic cell, will need to break down an antigen so it can be recognized to start the process of making specialized T cells. Killer and helper T cells are part of the search-and-attack team for that antigen. You need suppressor T cells to end the response, and they can sometimes prevent harmful responses from happening.

15.

Thymus

After forming in your bone marrow, T cells travel to this small organ behind your breastbone to mature into cells that can tell one antigen from another. It's also here that these cells learn not to attack your body's own tissues, and they normally can't leave until they do. 

16.

Secondary Lymph Organs

Your spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, and small Peyer patches in your intestine are where mature T cells are stored. These organs can also help sift out germs and dead cells, the way your lymph nodes do. Your immune cells might meet up here to get a closer look at possible threats and figure out the right plan of action. 

17.

Memory Cells

You may get sick the first time your body comes across a new antigen and is learning how to make antibodies. But afterward, you'll have leftover B and T cells called "memory cells" that can recognize that particular germ and respond quickly.

18.

Complement System

It's a group of more than 30 proteins that work in a cascade, where one triggers the next, which triggers another, and so on. These either kill germs directly or "mark" them or their location so that other cells can destroy them. They may help antibodies do their job. They're also part of cleaning up immune complexes, the antibodies attached to antigens. They work with both acquired and innate immune responses. 

19.

Cytokines

Different kinds of cells can make these messengers. Some cytokines trigger and focus the immune response. They might tell white blood cells where to go or how to destroy a particular germ. One type, interferons, can slow or stop a virus from making copies of itself. Cytokines also tell your body to shut it down after a threat is gone. 

20.

When It Goes Wrong

An allergic response is your body overreacting to something that wouldn't hurt you, like peanuts. When your system doesn't react strongly enough to a problem, that's called an immunodeficiency disorder, like AIDS. An autoimmune response happens when your body mistakes your tissues or organs for invaders and attacks healthy cells. That can cause serious illnesses like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, type 1 diabetes, and lupus. 

 

 

 

 

Disclaimer
af85ad9eae708e5da5e8224db764e774